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Types of Plagiarism
- Not Crediting a Source:
Copying word-for-word from another source (example a) without putting
the original words within quotation marks and adding a citation referring
to the original source. Even if you are putting the ideas from that
source into your own words (example b), you still must credit the
source. Here is an illustration of how both these situations work
in an excerpt from an imaginary student paper. The words plagiarized
from the original author are highlighted. (The following examples
use the American Psychological Association referencing style (APA),
which is common in the social sciences):
Original text:
"It is not a fragment society, but exhibits
the ideological diversity of European societies, although it has a
more liberal cast."
(a)Quoting directly:
(Plagiarism). . . . Canada, unlike the United States,
did not stop importing ideological developments from Europe when it
was founded. It is not a fragment society,
but exhibits the ideological diversity of European societies, although
it has a more liberal cast…
(Correct). . . . Canada, unlike the United States,
did not stop importing ideological developments from Europe when it
was founded. As Christian and Campbell state, "[i]t
is not a fragment society, but exhibits the ideological diversity
of European societies, although it has a more liberal cast"(1990,
283) . . . .
(b)Paraphrasing:
(Plagiarism). . . . Unlike the United States, Canada
is influenced by the on-going development of a variety of political
ideologies in Europe, although these ideologies have never been as
extreme in their Canadian versions.
(Correct). . . . Christian and Campbell have noted
that, unlike the United States, Canada is influenced by the on-going
development of a variety of political ideologies in Europe, although
these ideologies have never been as extreme in their Canadian versions
(1990, 283).
- Paraphrasing too closely, even if you do credit the source.
So we all know that you cannot take the ideas from another text,
even when you are putting them completely into your own words, without
citing the source. But there is a more insidious kind of plagiarism
that can take place when you are paraphrasing someone else's work.
If you change the order of words or ideas from the original source,
and use some of your own words mixed in with the original words, you
are still plagiarizing even when you cite the source. In this first
example, even though the student has credited the source with a citation,
which is good, s/he has not put the original text completely into
her/his own words and has attempted to deceive the reader by making
the text appear to be a paraphrase of the original by turning the
order back-to-front. The words that appeared in the original text
are highlighted.
Original Text:
"It is not a fragment society, but exhibits
the ideological diversity of European societies, although it has a
more liberal cast."
(Plagiarism). . . . Christian and
Campbell have noted that, unlike the United States, Canada is not
a society that has broken away from ideological developments in Europe,
but, even if it has a more liberal cast,
it demonstrates the ideological diversity
of European societies (1990, 283).
(Correct) . . . . Christian and Campbell have noted
that, unlike the United States, Canada is influenced by the on-going
development of a variety of political ideologies in Europe, although
these ideologies have never been as extreme in their Canadian versions
(1990, 283).
Probably in this case, one would choose either to paraphrase completely
or to quote the original words.
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